![]() The enthalpy of a substance in its elemental state is 0. The individual enthalpies are expressed as Joule per Mole. Įnthalpy of chemical reaction is expressed as joule or kilo joule. Įnthalpy of a Chemical Reaction is also called the heat of reaction. Solute - Solvent Interaction : The Hydration Enthalpy gives us an idea about solute - solvent interaction. Solute - Solute Interaction : The enthalpy of lattice gives us an idea about the solute-solute interaction. This means that Enthalpy is a State Function. Hess' Law states that the change in enthalpy for a reaction is the same whether the reaction is carried out in 1 step or a series of steps. Ĥ) Whenever quantity of energy of one kind disappears, an exactly equivalent amount of energy of other kind must evolve. ģ) The total energy of universe is always constant. Ģ) Energy can be converted from one form to another but not destroyed. ġ) Th total energy of an isolated system remains constant. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the energy lost from one part of the system evolves in another form, thus conserving total energy of the universe. NOTE : Work done = Area under PV curve and Work is a path function. If a force applied on a body, displaces the body, then work is said to be done. ![]() The amount of heat transferred is represented by q. The form of energy exchanged between two bodies at different temperatures is known as Heat energy. Thermodynamic Equilibrium : A system is said to be in equilibrium if the state variables do not change with time. Path Function : The state variables do depend on the pathway. They only depend on the state of the system. State Function : The state variables do not depend on the pathway. Density, Viscosity, refractive index, specific heat capacity, resistivity. Intensive Property These properties are independent of amount taken in a system. Mass, volume, pressure, internal energy, heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy, gibbs free energy. Įxtensive Property These properties depend upon the amount in the system. Reversible The driving force is greater than the opposing force by infinitely small difference. Ĭyclic The final and initial state of the process is same (All state variables should be restored) When a state changes from one form to other, we say a process has occurred. State variables are the properties of the system like temperature, pressure, energy ,etc. The part of the universe, apart from the system is called as Surroundings. Isolated System : Transfer of Energy and matter is not possible. Open System : Transfer of Energy and matter is allowedĬlosed System : Transfer of Energy is allowed but matter is not allowed
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