![]() ![]() Additionally, this technology aims to create modular tissues with physiological microstructure characteristics, and then provide more guidance at the cellular level to guide tissue morphogenesis. This method is usually used to fabricate function units, such as cell aggregations and cell sheets, which constructs bigger tissues or organs by using the modular assembly approach. Over the years, bottom-up tissue engineering was developed to take the place of top-down tissue engineering. To sum up, although progress in biocompatibility stent manufacturing technology has been made, based on the support of the top-down method, it is usually only used in cultured cells of the anatomy of the relatively few species, and simple organization, such as skin and cartilage tissue, cannot simulate human tissue (such as renal unit, lobular, islet) repeating units in the modular design. ![]() The main challenge with this approach is the difficulty of creating such a controlled structure and ensuring its proper function after implantation. Another approach is to prevascularize the tissue before implantation, by creating artificial microvessels inside the scaffold that bind to the host’s blood vessels when implanted. The main challenge with this approach is that during the process of producing blood vessels, many cells may lose their ability to survive due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients. One approach is to implant endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells into scaffolds and induce them to release growth factors that promote angiogenesis in scaffolds. To overcome this shortcoming, it is particularly important to design a vascular network with similar functions. The lack of basic nerves and blood vessels and the lack of oxygen and nutrients in the inner area are the main challenges in the use of scaffolds for tissue culture. Secondly, in the bodies of persons, cells are closed to blood vessels, which supply nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products and carbon dioxide. Firstly, there are many difficulties in the process of cell fixation on the scaffold, resulting in low density of cell seeding and uneven distribution on the scaffold. However, this method still has big challenges in clinical application. Currently, researchers have designed scaffolds that enable biomaterials to better reproduce the internal microscopic environment, mechanical biology and biomolecular signaling. In this method, cells attach, proliferate, and eventually fully attach to the 3D biodegradable scaffold, eventually forming ECM. The 3D scaffolds used usually replicate the overall size and shape of the target tissue rather than the complex internal structure. ![]() In top-down tissue engineering, cells are implanted into 3D scaffolds to simulate the physicochemical and biomechanical signals of the extracellular matrix(ECM). Methods of tissue engineering have been divided into top-down and bottom-up. These tissue engineering developments will change traditional disease treatment and drug screening. Current tissue engineering techniques can be used to reconstruct a variety of tissues, such as muscle, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, blood vessels and skin. In the early stages, scientists successfully used tissue engineering technology to create human auricle cartilage with the skin of mice, which symbolizes that tissue engineering technology can form tissues and organs with complex three-dimensional spatial structures for clinical application. Vacanti and Robert Langer first proposed the research and exploration of tissue engineering. The history of tissue engineering can be traced back to the 1980s, when Professors Joseph P. Tissue engineering is an emerging technology, which combines cell biology and materials science to construct tissues or organs in vitro.
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